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## Class template stack

boost::lockfree::stack

## Synopsis

    // In header: <boost/lockfree/stack.hpp>

    template<typename T, typename A0 = boost::parameter::void_,
             typename A1 = boost::parameter::void_,
             typename A2 = boost::parameter::void_>
    class stack {
    public:
      // member classes/structs/unions
      template<typename T, ... Options>
      struct implementation_defined {
        // types
        typedef node_allocator allocator;
        typedef std::size_t    size_type;
      };
      template<typename T, ... Options>
      struct node {
        // types
        typedef unspecified handle_t;

        // construct/copy/destruct
        node(T const &);

        // public data members
        handle_t next;
        const T v;
      };
      // construct/copy/destruct
      stack(void);
      template<typename U>
        explicit stack(typename node_allocator::template rebind< U >::other const &);
      explicit stack(allocator const &);
      explicit stack(size_type);
      template<typename U>
        stack(size_type,
              typename node_allocator::template rebind< U >::other const &);
      ~stack(void);

      // private member functions
       BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT(boost::has_trivial_assign< T >::value);
       BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT(boost::has_trivial_destructor< T >::value);
       BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT((mpl::if_c< has_capacity, mpl::bool_< capacity-1< boost::integer_traits< boost::uint16_t >::const_max >, mpl::true_ >::type::value));
       BOOST_DELETED_FUNCTION(stack(stack const &));
      bool is_lock_free(void) const;
      void reserve(size_type);
      void reserve_unsafe(size_type);
      void initialize(void);
      void link_nodes_atomic(node *, node *);
      void link_nodes_unsafe(node *, node *);
      template<bool Threadsafe, bool Bounded, typename ConstIterator>
        tuple< node *, node * >
        prepare_node_list(ConstIterator, ConstIterator, ConstIterator &);
      template<bool Bounded> bool do_push(T const &);
      template<bool Bounded, typename ConstIterator>
        ConstIterator do_push(ConstIterator, ConstIterator);

      // public member functions
      bool push(T const &);
      bool bounded_push(T const &);
      template<typename ConstIterator>
        ConstIterator push(ConstIterator, ConstIterator);
      template<typename ConstIterator>
        ConstIterator bounded_push(ConstIterator, ConstIterator);
      bool unsynchronized_push(T const &);
      template<typename ConstIterator>
        ConstIterator unsynchronized_push(ConstIterator, ConstIterator);
      bool pop(T &);
      template<typename U> bool pop(U &);
      bool unsynchronized_pop(T &);
      template<typename U> bool unsynchronized_pop(U &);
      template<typename Functor> bool consume_one(Functor &);
      template<typename Functor> bool consume_one(Functor const &);
      template<typename Functor> size_t consume_all(Functor &);
      template<typename Functor> size_t consume_all(Functor const &);
      bool empty(void) const;
    };

## Description

The stack class provides a multi-writer/multi-reader stack, pushing and popping is lock-free, construction/destruction has to be synchronized. It uses a freelist for memory management, freed nodes are pushed to the freelist and not returned to the OS before the stack is destroyed.

Policies:

- `boost::lockfree::fixed_sized<>`, defaults to `boost::lockfree::fixed_sized<false>`
  Can be used to completely disable dynamic memory allocations during push in order to ensure lockfree behavior.
  If the data structure is configured as fixed-sized, the internal nodes are stored inside an array and they are addressed by array indexing. This limits the possible size of the stack to the number of elements that can be addressed by the index type (usually 2**16-2), but on platforms that lack double-width compare-and-exchange instructions, this is the best way to achieve lock-freedom.

- `boost::lockfree::capacity<>`, optional
  If this template argument is passed to the options, the size of the stack is set at compile-time.
  It this option implies `fixed_sized<true>`

- `boost::lockfree::allocator<>`, defaults to `boost::lockfree::allocator<std::allocator<void>>`
  Specifies the allocator that is used for the internal freelist

Requirements:

- T must have a copy constructor

### `stack` public construct/copy/destruct

1.     stack(void);

   Construct stack.

2.     template<typename U>
         explicit stack(typename node_allocator::template rebind< U >::other const & alloc);

3.     explicit stack(allocator const & alloc);

4.     explicit stack(size_type n);

   Construct stack, allocate n nodes for the freelist.

5.     template<typename U>
         stack(size_type n,
               typename node_allocator::template rebind< U >::other const & alloc);

6.     ~stack(void);

   Destroys stack, free all nodes from freelist.

   | Note
   not thread-safe

### `stack` private member functions

1.      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT(boost::has_trivial_assign< T >::value);

2.      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT(boost::has_trivial_destructor< T >::value);

3.      BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT((mpl::if_c< has_capacity, mpl::bool_< capacity-1< boost::integer_traits< boost::uint16_t >::const_max >, mpl::true_ >::type::value));

4.      BOOST_DELETED_FUNCTION(stack(stack const &));

5.     bool is_lock_free(void) const;

   | Warning
   It only checks, if the top stack node and the freelist can be modified in a lock-free manner. On most platforms, the whole implementation is lock-free, if this is true. Using c++0x-style atomics, there is no possibility to provide a completely accurate implementation, because one would need to test every internal node, which is impossible if further nodes will be allocated from the operating system.

   Returns: | true, if implementation is lock-free.

6.     void reserve(size_type n);

   Allocate n nodes for freelist

   | Note
   thread-safe, may block if memory allocator blocks

   Requires: | only valid if no capacity<> argument given

7.     void reserve_unsafe(size_type n);

   Allocate n nodes for freelist

   | Note
   not thread-safe, may block if memory allocator blocks

   Requires: | only valid if no capacity<> argument given

8.     void initialize(void);

9.     void link_nodes_atomic(node * new_top_node, node * end_node);

10.     void link_nodes_unsafe(node * new_top_node, node * end_node);

11.     template<bool Threadsafe, bool Bounded, typename ConstIterator>
          tuple< node *, node * >
          prepare_node_list(ConstIterator begin, ConstIterator end,
                            ConstIterator & ret);

12.     template<bool Bounded> bool do_push(T const & v);

13.     template<bool Bounded, typename ConstIterator>
          ConstIterator do_push(ConstIterator begin, ConstIterator end);

### `stack` public member functions

1.     bool push(T const & v);

   Pushes object t to the stack.

   | Note
   Thread-safe. If internal memory pool is exhausted and the memory pool is not fixed-sized, a new node will be allocated from the OS. This may not be lock-free.

   Postconditions: | object will be pushed to the stack, if internal node can be allocated
   Returns: | true, if the push operation is successful.
   Throws: | if memory allocator throws

2.     bool bounded_push(T const & v);

   Pushes object t to the stack.

   | Note
   Thread-safe and non-blocking. If internal memory pool is exhausted, the push operation will fail

   Postconditions: | object will be pushed to the stack, if internal node can be allocated
   Returns: | true, if the push operation is successful.

3.     template<typename ConstIterator>
         ConstIterator push(ConstIterator begin, ConstIterator end);

   Pushes as many objects from the range [begin, end) as freelist node can be allocated.

   | Note
   Operation is applied atomically

   | Note
   Thread-safe. If internal memory pool is exhausted and the memory pool is not fixed-sized, a new node will be allocated from the OS. This may not be lock-free.

   Returns: | iterator to the first element, which has not been pushed
   Throws: | if memory allocator throws

4.     template<typename ConstIterator>
         ConstIterator bounded_push(ConstIterator begin, ConstIterator end);

   Pushes as many objects from the range [begin, end) as freelist node can be allocated.

   | Note
   Operation is applied atomically

   | Note
   Thread-safe and non-blocking. If internal memory pool is exhausted, the push operation will fail

   Returns: | iterator to the first element, which has not been pushed
   Throws: | if memory allocator throws

5.     bool unsynchronized_push(T const & v);

   Pushes object t to the stack.

   | Note
   Not thread-safe. If internal memory pool is exhausted and the memory pool is not fixed-sized, a new node will be allocated from the OS. This may not be lock-free.

   Postconditions: | object will be pushed to the stack, if internal node can be allocated
   Returns: | true, if the push operation is successful.
   Throws: | if memory allocator throws

6.     template<typename ConstIterator>
         ConstIterator unsynchronized_push(ConstIterator begin, ConstIterator end);

   Pushes as many objects from the range [begin, end) as freelist node can be allocated.

   | Note
   Not thread-safe. If internal memory pool is exhausted and the memory pool is not fixed-sized, a new node will be allocated from the OS. This may not be lock-free.

   Returns: | iterator to the first element, which has not been pushed
   Throws: | if memory allocator throws

7.     bool pop(T & ret);

   Pops object from stack.

   | Note
   Thread-safe and non-blocking

   Postconditions: | if pop operation is successful, object will be copied to ret.
   Returns: | true, if the pop operation is successful, false if stack was empty.

8.     template<typename U> bool pop(U & ret);

   Pops object from stack.

   | Note
   Thread-safe and non-blocking

   Requires: | type T must be convertible to U
   Postconditions: | if pop operation is successful, object will be copied to ret.
   Returns: | true, if the pop operation is successful, false if stack was empty.

9.     bool unsynchronized_pop(T & ret);

   Pops object from stack.

   | Note
   Not thread-safe, but non-blocking

   Postconditions: | if pop operation is successful, object will be copied to ret.
   Returns: | true, if the pop operation is successful, false if stack was empty.

10.     template<typename U> bool unsynchronized_pop(U & ret);

    Pops object from stack.

    | Note
    Not thread-safe, but non-blocking

    Requires: | type T must be convertible to U
    Postconditions: | if pop operation is successful, object will be copied to ret.
    Returns: | true, if the pop operation is successful, false if stack was empty.

11.     template<typename Functor> bool consume_one(Functor & f);

    consumes one element via a functor

    pops one element from the stack and applies the functor on this object

    | Note
    Thread-safe and non-blocking, if functor is thread-safe and non-blocking

    Returns: | true, if one element was consumed

12.     template<typename Functor> bool consume_one(Functor const & f);

    consumes one element via a functor

    pops one element from the stack and applies the functor on this object

    | Note
    Thread-safe and non-blocking, if functor is thread-safe and non-blocking

    Returns: | true, if one element was consumed

13.     template<typename Functor> size_t consume_all(Functor & f);

    consumes all elements via a functor

    sequentially pops all elements from the stack and applies the functor on each object

    | Note
    Thread-safe and non-blocking, if functor is thread-safe and non-blocking

    Returns: | number of elements that are consumed

14.     template<typename Functor> size_t consume_all(Functor const & f);

    consumes all elements via a functor

    sequentially pops all elements from the stack and applies the functor on each object

    | Note
    Thread-safe and non-blocking, if functor is thread-safe and non-blocking

    Returns: | number of elements that are consumed

15.     bool empty(void) const;

    | Note
    It only guarantees that at some point during the execution of the function the stack has been empty. It is rarely practical to use this value in program logic, because the stack can be modified by other threads.

    Returns: | true, if stack is empty.